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Science in the medieval Islamic world (also known, less accurately, as Islamic science or Arabic science) was the science developed and practiced in the medieval Islamic world during the Islamic Golden Age (8th century CE – , sometimes considered to have extended to the 15th or 16th century). During this time scholars translated Indian, Assyrian, Iranian and Greek knowledge into Arabic. These translations became a wellspring for scientific advances by scientists from Muslim-ruled areas during the Middle Ages. Scientists within the Muslim-ruled areas had diverse ethnic backgrounds they included Persians,〔William Bayne Fisher, et al, The Cambridge History of Iran 4, Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 396〕〔Shaikh M. Ghazanfar, Medieval Islamic economic thought: filling the "great gap" in European economics, Psychology Press, 2003 (p. 114-115)〕〔Ibn Khaldun, Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1967), ''The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History'', p. 430, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01754-9.〕〔Joseph A. Schumpeter, Historian of Economics: Selected Papers from the History of Economics Society Conference, 1994, y Laurence S. Moss, Joseph Alois Schumpeter, History of Economics Society. Conference, Published by Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-13353-X, p.64.〕 Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds〔 and Egyptians. They also came from diverse religious backgrounds. Most were Muslims,〔Howard R. Turner (1997), ''Science in Medieval Islam'', p. 270 (book cover, last page), University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0〕〔Hogendijk, Jan P. (January 1999), (''Bibliography of Mathematics in Medieval Islamic Civilization'' )〕 but their ranks also included some Christians,〔Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam, 1987, p.6〕 Jews〔〔Salah Zaimeche (2003), Introduction to Muslim Science.〕 and irreligious.〔 Hogendijk 1989 〕〔 Bernard Lewis, ''What Went Wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response'' 〕 ==Science in the context of Islamic civilization== The term ''Islam'' refers either to the religion of Islam or to the Islamic civilization that formed around it. Islamic civilization is composed of many faiths and cultures, although the proportion of Muslims among its population has increased over time. The religion of Islam was completed during the lifetime of the last Islamic prophet Muhammad. After his death in 632, Islam continued to expand under the leadership of its Muslim rulers, known as Caliphs. Struggles for leadership of the growing religious community began at this time, and continue today. The early periods of Islamic history after the death of Muhammad can be referred to as the Rashidun Caliphate. Then came the period of Umayyad Caliphate.〔Marshall Hodgson, ''The Venture of Islam; Conscience and History in a World Civilization Vol 1''. The University of Chicago, 1974, pg. 234.〕 During the Umayyad Caliphate, the Islamic empire began to consolidate its territorial gains. Arabic became the language of administration. The Arabs became a ruling class assimilated into their new surroundings across the empire, rather than occupiers of conquered territories.〔Marshall Hodgson, ''The Venture of Islam Conscience and History in a World Civilization Vol 1''. The University of Chicago, 1974, pg. 230.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Science in the medieval Islamic world」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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